Reading and Listening
The following table outlines general skills or abilities with Reading and suggests actions that will help attain higher levels.
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什么是阅读？
阅读是一项以技能为基础的活动，需要具备以下能力：
- SKIM（快速观察课文，查找已知词汇、一般主题和课文格式/组织结构）
- 扫描（在文本中寻找一些具体细节，回答 "谁"、"什么"、"何时"、"何地"、"为何 "和 "如何"，并使用上下文线索）
- 深入理解阅读（理解文章的主要观点、观点、作者的目的和直接事实。一般来说，能理解至少 70% 或以上的文章内容--"Lexile 法"）。
- 运用批判性思维（读懂字里行间的意思，并根据作者的隐含意思做出推断）
- Reading is NOT decoding or translation. Translation is a much more complex and complicated task. Do not translate word for word, but rather, use the skills listed above to initially interact with the texts and identify all that you already know.
提高阅读技能的策略
- 阅读不是被动的活动。阅读时一定要有目的或特定的重点。
- In tests like the STAMP test, read the context and the questions FIRST and then skim and scan the text to locate the answer.
- Build meaning on what you KNOW in the text and let that knowledge direct your understanding.
- 从你所知道的内容中猜测意思或答案。在阅读时，猜测是可以的。我们称这种猜测为 "有根据的猜测"，因为这种猜测是基于你从课文中了解到的东西，有助于赋予课文中你不确定的东西以意义。
- Slow down and think about the context and consider the types of things that you might encounter in that context. For example, if you see a context that states, “An advertisement in a newspaper,” you should consider the types of advertisements that might be found in a newspaper. This focus will allow you to activate specific vocabulary/topics in your mind and be better prepared for the text.
The following table outlines general skills or abilities with Listening and suggests actions that will help attain higher levels.
什么是聆听？
Listening is a skill-based activity that requires the ability to:
- 听到输入刺激（声音/语言）。
- 从单词、短语和句子或 "语言 "的角度识别声音。
- 理解所说或所展示的语言。
- Listening is usually the strongest skill for immersion students and the weakest skill for traditional language learning students due to exposure to extended listening passages or tasks.
提高聆听技巧的策略
- 倾听需要专注和专心。
- 听力需要大量练习，以便能够区分单词界限，处理不同的口音和发音要素。
- In tests like the STAMP test, read the context and the questions FIRST and then listen for the specific answer. You are able to listen to the audio sample two times in the test.
- Practice eavesdropping (listening to spoken language live or via media.) Take notes on what you do know compared to what you do not know as you ‘eavesdrop’. Select specific vocabulary to study and use in your own language or teach someone else the things you learned.
- 让聆听变得困难的因素有很多，而您或许可以控制这些因素：
- 语速--要求对方放慢语速，可以帮助您更好地关注词语界限并帮助理解。
- Background Noise – eliminating background noises or distractions will help. If you are in a loud environment move to a more quiet location or ask for music or other sounds to be minimized.
- Repetition – asking someone to repeat something will allow you one more opportunity to listen for specific details. However, if you ask them to repeat something more than one time, the speaker may change what they are saying to make it “easier,” when in reality it has now complicated things because they are adding new information. Also, be specific in your request and let them know that you did not understand a specific word or section rather than having them repeat the entire statement. This lets them know where the problem was for you and they can then just deliver that word or section.
写作与口语
The following tables outline general skills or abilities at each level and suggest actions that will help you attain higher levels.
新手-低级
（STAMP 1 级）
- 在这个水平上，我能够创造出没有延伸意义的单个单词。
- 我可以分享一些简单的词汇，这些词汇与提示/任务/情境有关，但我往往很难将这些词汇联系起来以创造意义。
Do these things to Power Up to Novice-Mid
(STAMP Level 2)
文本类型（初级-中级）短语：
- Work on increasing vocabulary, including verbs that cover a variety of topics that are at the Novice level. These are topics that you generally experience each day in your every-day life: self, home, friends, school, weather, clothing, food, time, pets/animals, etc.
Try to connect different words to a verb to create thoughts and generate simple sentences where possible.
功能/结构（语法）：
- 增加词汇与动词的联系。这有助于在语言生产中创造更多意义。
新手-中级
（STAMP 2 级）
- At this level, I am beginning to develop the ability to create meaning as they form a connection between words.
- 具体来说，我可以将一些基本的主语和动词或动词和宾语联系起来，但我在做这些事情时可能会不连贯。
- 我的词汇量往往仅限于新手水平的话题，这些话题都是我在日常生活中遇到的，或者是我最近才学会的。
Do these things to Power Up to Novice-High
(STAMP Level 3)
文本类型（新手-高）简单句：
- 练习将单词连接起来，形成非常简单的句子。
- 注重使用不同的动词来表达简单的意思，这些动词涉及更广泛的主题或任务的不同方面。
- 尝试用自己的语言重新创造和重组简单的句子。
功能/结构（语法）：
- Know what it means to create a simple sentence. (What is a subject? What is a verb? What is an object? Learn these terms and know why these terms are important.)
初级-高级
（STAMP 3 级）
- 在这个水平上，我可以用最基本的控制力和准确性造出简单的句子。
- 我在回答问题时经常会出错，但同时我又能很好地控制刚学过或研究过的语言的一些非常简单的结构和功能。
- 在新手阶段，当我尝试造简单的句子时，错误是意料之中的。
- 一般来说，我能创作的句子都非常简单、基本，即使有，也很少添加细节。
Do these things to Power Up to Intermediate-Low (STAMP Level 4)
文本类型（中低）句子串：
- 努力增加每个句子的语言量，以创造更深刻的含义，并开始将句子串联起来。
- Expand vocabulary beyond every-day life to topics such as travel, occupations, health, shopping, local community etc…
功能/结构（语法）：
- Understand what constitutes Added Detail (details that add depth and clarity to the language: prepositional phrases, descriptive words, basic use of helping verbs, adverbs and more specific vocabulary… yes, learning these terms is important.)
其他
- 了解 "添加细节 "的不同形式如何有助于创建一幅更大的画面。在句子结构中也尽量体现多样性。
- 不要害怕出错！使用所有你能使用的语言，在你的写作和口语中创造更多细节。
中低级
（STAMP 4 级）
- 在这个水平上，我能造出简单的句子，并增加一些细节；这样的句子有助于创造多样性。
- At the Intermediate Low level, simple sentences are enhanced by the use of prepositional phrases, helping verb usage, as well as some adverbs and a variety of adjectives.
- 我一般会创建独立的句子（观点），这些句子（观点）可以随意移动，而不会影响答题的整体意思。
- 我的回答中仍有一些错误，但我对较基本句子的控制相当不错。
- 我对使用不同的结构、扩大词汇量以及在回答问题时冒更大的风险更有信心了。
Do these things to Power Up to Intermediate-Mid (STAMP Level 5)
Text Type (Intermediate-Mid) Connected Sentences basic:
- 针对提示的不同方面，增加语言的使用量。努力将各种观点组合起来，这有助于增强关联性。
- 继续增加扩展词汇的使用，并扩大不常见话题的词汇量。
功能/结构（语法）：
- 努力使用不同形式的 "添加的细节"，使句子更加清晰和丰富。
- Try to add elements of complexity to your sentence structures. There are many ways you can add complexity! Consider how you can create longer sentences using some complex structures. Increase your use of dependent and independent clauses – not just compound sentences using ‘and’, ‘but’ or ‘because’. Be careful to not create run-on sentences. Use complexity to add depth of meaning. Use of other tense forms that are beyond the simple ‘present tense’. It is expected that these new skills will be presented with errors – don’t worry about the errors, just do your best.
其他
- 每天都要坚持用新词汇说话或写作，其中夹杂一些你比较有把握的词汇。新词汇用得越多，对你来说就越自然。
- 不要害怕出错！(是的，这是一个经常性的提醒。出错说明你在这个水平上不断延伸和尝试新事物）。
中级-中级
（STAMP 5 级）
- 在这一水平上，我现在可以创造足够的语言来显示想法的组合。
- 我的思想松散地连接在一起，不能随意移动而不影响意义。
- 我还能造出一些复杂的句子，并能使用一些过渡词。
- 我还能使用简单现在时以外的时态，但在尝试使用其他时态时经常出错。
- 我的词汇使用范围在不断扩大，我能够使用比通常、高频或最常见的词汇更多的词汇。
- 我觉得我能够自己创造新的语言，并能毫无困难地表达我的日常需求。
Do these things to Power Up to Intermediate-High
(STAMP Level 6)
文本类型（中-高）连接句子：
- 继续努力增加词汇的广度和多样性。
- Increase use of complex structures in your response including, but not limited to dependent clauses. There are a variety of ways to create complexity.
- 在整个写作和口语回答过程中，注重建立联系。这将产生从开头、中间到结尾的自然流畅，并将您的想法汇集在一起。
- 力求包含许多细节和尽可能多的描述性语言，以便清晰地描绘出您所写或所讲的情况。
- 使用各种过渡性词语和短语，并努力增加这些词语，以帮助将您的想法和观点联系起来。
功能/结构（语法）：
- 使用更多不同长度和类型的句子。
- 使用更多的过渡词和短语，以增强整个回答的关联性。
- Increase your ability to use a variety of verb tenses accurately. Be aware of the language that is created as you use different tenses – recognize the strength of language when you are able to switch from one time frame to the next with increased accuracy.
其他
- 大声朗读目标语言小说。将不熟悉的单词/短语记录在词汇记事本上，并努力在一周内使用它们。
- 不要害怕在使用新结构时出错。不过，到了这个级别，在大多数基本的时间范围内，错误应该会开始减少。您会注意到，在说话之前，您不必在头脑中翻译那么多内容。
中高级
（STAMP 6 级）
- 在这个级别中，我对语言有很好的控制能力，对越来越多的话题也很有信心。
- 我的语言表达偶尔还会出现一些错误，但这并不妨碍我表达我需要分享的内容。
- 我可以使用绕口令（由于缺乏词汇而使用迂回的说法）来解释或描述我不知道具体词汇或结构的事物。
- 我能够理解和使用不同的时间框架，并且刚刚开始培养准确切换大多数时间框架（在动词时态之间来回切换）的能力。
- 我可以比较轻松地使用过渡词和概念，在观点之间建立更清晰的联系。
- 我的语言更加自然流畅，但仍会有一些不自然的停顿或犹豫。
Do these things to Power Up to Advanced-Low
(STAMP Level 7)
Text Type (Advanced-Low) Paragraph Structure basic:
- 努力从你通常在正式课堂上学不到的话题中学习词汇。通过阅读和收听新闻和其他时事，或者仅仅通过收听母语人士的讲话，来扩大词汇量。
- 努力创造有开头、中间和结尾的连贯统一的语言。思路清晰、观点明确是达到这一水平的关键。
- 学习和使用成语和口语。这将有助于使您的演讲和写作更加自然和真实。
功能/结构（语法）：
- Strive to incorporate more complex language. This includes a wider variety of verb conjugations / time frames as well as less frequently used transition words / phrases.
- Accuracy in functions/structures is important at this level. Pay close attention to those areas where you are not confident nor sure about correct usage. At this level, use of correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, accents, tonal markers, umlauts, etc. (all language specific features) increase in importance – especially if your desire is to reach Advanced levels where accurate work and/or academic language is expected.
其他
- 每天尽可能多地与以英语为母语的人交流。为此，您可以使用各种技术资源。记下您听到的新词汇，并尝试将这些语言融入日常对话中。
- Listen to music or watch movies in the target language each day. Repeat along with the singer – or actor. This will allow you to practice speaking more quickly – as well as help you acquire cultural perspectives and learn new vocabulary in fun and engaging ways.
- 将所学知识传授给朋友或亲戚。这是处理和记忆新内容和新概念的好方法。
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